Abstract
Up the Cogamis valley, 28 miles to the southeast from Sardis, lies Philadelphia. This valley begins at the coast at Smyrna, and Philadelphia is the city at the opposite (eastern) end. East of Philadelphia the terrain rises until it becomes the great central plateau of Asia Minor. The mountains which form the Cogamis valley represent the western rim of this plateau. The Cogamis valley is therefore a funnel leading to the plateau.